tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-71035753682890250332024-03-20T14:51:16.692+07:00Petroleum EngineerAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04279234924358622336noreply@blogger.comBlogger171125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7103575368289025033.post-31507101722747309412011-02-24T14:29:00.002+07:002011-02-24T14:31:09.870+07:00Mekanika Katup Sembur Buatan<div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:21.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt; line-height:200%;tab-stops:21.3pt"><span style="line-height: 200%;Arial","sans-serif"font-family:";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Pada operasi sumur sembur alam peralatan utama yang menentukan jumlah gas yang masuk dari annulus ke dalam tubing adalah katup sembur buatan. Katup ini membuka dan menutup secara mekanis dan operasinya dipengaruhinya oleh tekanan injeksi gas, tekanan tubing, tekanan dome, dan geometri peralatan dalam katup. Pembukaan dan penutupan harus dilakukan seteliti mungkin terutama untuk katup-katup unloading. Sehingga secara keseluruhan akan dapat dihasilkan operasi sembur buatan yang berhasil. Urutan proses unloading dapat terlihat pada gambar dibawah ini:</span></span></p></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbl1a5dJBe91Nb_NcYKjgh0fteTpLdC0u_nrfYbpo0Jvpn1ikqBhI3ZXk_oWXw_4TgpEJmdz4rk5JWTdD3BabBCUsMimFYhGwnz1kQuKt7Jiqon3CVO0tI5AaosVl4Zn5leOLRvCLzYWU/s1600/Untitled.png"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 242px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbl1a5dJBe91Nb_NcYKjgh0fteTpLdC0u_nrfYbpo0Jvpn1ikqBhI3ZXk_oWXw_4TgpEJmdz4rk5JWTdD3BabBCUsMimFYhGwnz1kQuKt7Jiqon3CVO0tI5AaosVl4Zn5leOLRvCLzYWU/s320/Untitled.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5577154758911446466" /></a></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:21.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt; line-height:200%;tab-stops:21.3pt"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 200%;Arial","sans-serif"font-family:";"></span></span></p></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:21.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt; line-height:200%;tab-stops:21.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Pada gambar menunjukan proses unloading dari katup sembur buatan kontinyu yang dilengkapi dengan 4 buah katup. Fungsi katup-katup tersebut adalah<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:74.7pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:200%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:21.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">a.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Katup Unloading<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:74.7pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:38.7pt;line-height:200%;tab-stops:21.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Berfungsi sebagai jalan masuk gas dari annulus ke tubing, untuk mendorong cairan yang semula digunakan untuk mematikan sumur.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:74.7pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:200%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:21.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">b.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Katup Operasi<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:74.7pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:38.7pt;line-height:200%;tab-stops:21.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Berfungsi sebagai jalan masuk gas dari annulus ke tubing, untuk mendorong fluida reservoir kepermukaan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:74.7pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:200%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:21.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">c.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Katup Tambahan (Kalau Ada)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:74.7pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:38.7pt;line-height:200%;tab-stops:21.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Berfungsi bagai katup operasi apabila tekanan static turun.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:21.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt; line-height:200%;tab-stops:21.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Pada tahap pertama, injeksi gas akan mengaktifkan katup-katup unloading. Sehingga cairan untuk mematikan sumur terangkat kepermukaan dan permukaan cairan dalam annulus aka turun.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:21.3pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt; line-height:200%;tab-stops:21.3pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Pada tahap selanjutnya setelah semua katup unloading secara bergantian terbuka, permukaan cairan dalam annulus akan mencapai katup operasi. Katup Operasi akan terbuka selama injeksi dan gas injeksi akan masuk ke dalam tubingsecara kontinyu. Hal ini dapat terjadi apabila tekanan injeksi gas (dalam annulus) lebih besar dari tekanan aliran dalam tubing. Oleh karena itu letak katup operasi ditempatkan pada suhu kedalaman sehingga tekanan aliran dalam tubing lebih kecil dari tekanan injeksi gas di annulus. Penenmpatan katup operasi ini ditentukan dari titik keseimbangan yaitu titik dimana tekanan aliran ditubing sama dengan tekanan injeksi gas di annulus, setelah dikurangi dengan tekanan diferensial sebesar 50-100 psi.<o:p></o:p></span></p></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; "><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><span class="fullpost"></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04279234924358622336noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7103575368289025033.post-8085044021466670602011-02-24T14:26:00.002+07:002011-02-24T14:26:51.685+07:00Sumur Gas Lift Menurut Aliran Produksinya<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:70.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Tubing Flow<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">Pada keadaan normal atau<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>standar, tubing flow akan dipilih untuk dilakukan, dimana gas diinjeksikan melalui casing dan laju alir produksi dari dasar sumur ke permukaan melalui tubing. Pemeliharaan ini berlaku apabila laju alir produksi dari sumur tersebut masih dalam range diameter tubing yang tersedia dilapangan tersebut.</span><span class="fullpost"></span><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:78.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Casing Flow<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:120.5pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:35.45pt; line-height:200%;tab-stops:113.4pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Apabila laju alir produksi lebih besar dari batasan diameter tubing yang ada, maka sumur diproduksikan dengan cara menginjeksikan gas bertekanan tinggi ke dalam tubing, sedangkan laju alir produksi dari dasar sumur ke permukaan mengalir melalui casing (annulus).<o:p></o:p></span></p></span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04279234924358622336noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7103575368289025033.post-12206605883656983582011-02-24T14:25:00.003+07:002011-02-24T14:25:55.400+07:00Keuntungan Sumur Gas Lift<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:63.8pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-14.15pt;line-height:200%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:49.65pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">a.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Biaya peralatan dan perawatan yang lebih murah dibandingkan dengan metode pengangkatan buatan lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:63.8pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-14.15pt;line-height:200%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:49.65pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">b.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">System dapat didesign untuk berbagai laju aliran.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:63.8pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-14.15pt;line-height:200%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:49.65pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">c.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Dapat dipakai pada seluruh kondisi jenis sumur (Sumur tegak,miring,maupun dalam).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:63.8pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-14.15pt;line-height:200%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:49.65pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">d.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Flexibilitas tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:63.8pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-14.15pt;line-height:200%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:49.65pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">e.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Waktu operasi panjang karena tidak ada alat yang bergerak.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:63.8pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-14.15pt;line-height:200%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:49.65pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">f.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Biaya operasi rendah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:63.8pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-14.15pt;line-height:200%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:49.65pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">g.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Laju produksi dapat dikontrol dipermukaan.<o:p></o:p></span></p><span class="fullpost"></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04279234924358622336noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7103575368289025033.post-84141214287749378482011-02-24T14:20:00.001+07:002011-02-24T14:23:53.175+07:00Kerugian Sumur Gas Lift<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:63.8pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-14.15pt;line-height:200%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:0in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">a.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Investasi awal cukup besar, terutama bila harus memakai kompresor.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:63.8pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-14.15pt;line-height:200%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:0in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">b.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Bila gas yang dipakai bersifat korosif, maka dibutuhkan unit penetral.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:63.8pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-14.15pt;line-height:200%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:63.8pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">c.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Sukar dioperasikan apabila penemuan cairan di dalam tubing sudah rendah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:63.8pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-14.15pt;line-height:200%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:63.8pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">d.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Pada dual completion dengan jarak zona yang jauh dan diameter casing kecil.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:63.8pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-14.15pt;line-height:200%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops:63.8pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">e.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Harus terdapat gas yang mencukupi.<o:p></o:p></span></p><span class="fullpost"></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04279234924358622336noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7103575368289025033.post-60922974129885363042011-02-24T12:08:00.003+07:002011-02-24T12:09:18.915+07:00Skema Gas Lift<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKIhD6SSKGHDp5y65AhN6GQ2gajv2NEXmzJdQT4oTpugHBm8i4GrBcml099H0t0cbaghXUXXxJaOCrptoAluZjcXQrhlwMpTign7lxDwyEOuZxtO0CWznIchaxHU2H_-3uzBGV8ls1JLc/s1600/Untitled.png"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 242px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKIhD6SSKGHDp5y65AhN6GQ2gajv2NEXmzJdQT4oTpugHBm8i4GrBcml099H0t0cbaghXUXXxJaOCrptoAluZjcXQrhlwMpTign7lxDwyEOuZxtO0CWznIchaxHU2H_-3uzBGV8ls1JLc/s320/Untitled.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5577118733492211746" /></a><br /><span class="fullpost"></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04279234924358622336noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7103575368289025033.post-71659867456749343822011-02-24T12:02:00.001+07:002011-02-24T12:03:59.495+07:00Sumur Gas Lift Berdasarkan Instalasinya<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:70.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:42.55pt;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Berdasarkan instalasinya maka sumur gas lift dibedakan menjadi tiga yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:92.15pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-.25in;line-height:200%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">a)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Open Installation.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:92.15pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-.25in;line-height:200%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">b)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Semi closed Installation.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:92.15pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-.25in;line-height:200%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">c)<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Closed Instalation.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:92.15pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-.25in;line-height:200%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:92.15pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-.25in;line-height:200%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:71.45pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:.55pt;line-height:200%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Open Instalation <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:113.4pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Adalah instalasi sumur gas lift dimana instalasi tersebut tidak dilengkapi dengan packer dan standing valve, sehingga tekanan injeksi akan berpengaruh langsung terhadap formasi. Instalasi jenis ini umumnya digunakan pada sumur gas lift dengan system injeksi yang continuous flow.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:113.4pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:70.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Semi closed Instalation<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:113.4pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:28.35pt; line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"">Adalah instalasi sumur gas lift yang instalasinya telah dilengkapi dengan packer, tetapi tanpa standing valve, instalasi ini umumnya digunakan untuk sumur gas lift dengan system gas injeksi yang continuous maupun yang intermittent flow.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:113.4pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Adapun fungsi packer pada instalasi ini adalah : <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:127.6pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:200%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">a.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Menghilangkan pengaruh tekanan langsung dari gas injeksi terhadap formasi<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:127.6pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:200%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:Arial"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">b.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Pada saat gas injeksi ditutup karena alas an tertentu cairan dari formasi tidak mengisi kolom cairan.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:127.6pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:200%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:127.6pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-align:justify;text-indent:-14.2pt;line-height:200%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:71.45pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:.55pt; line-height:200%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Closed Instalation<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">Adalah instalasi sumur gas lift yang telah dilengkapi packer dan standing valve pada rangkaian tubing di bawah operating gas lift valve. Instalasi ini akan efektif bila digunakan untuk sumur gas lift dengan system injeksi yang intermittent flow. Adapun fungsi standing valve adalah untuk menahan tekanan balik dari kolom fluida apabila tekanan tersebut lebih besar dari tekanan dasar sumur. Sumur gas lift menurut instalasinya dapat dilihat pada.</span><p></p><p></p><p></p><span class="fullpost"></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04279234924358622336noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7103575368289025033.post-32518959293664024672011-02-24T11:58:00.001+07:002011-02-24T11:59:45.061+07:00Sumur Gas Lift Menurut Penginjeksiannya<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:49.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">a.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Continuous Gas Lift<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:70.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:28.35pt; line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Dalam metode ini gas diinjeksikan secara terus menerus kedalam titik injeksi pada kedalaman tertentu sehingga terjadi pencampuran antara gas yang diinjeksikan dengan fluida sumur di dalam tubing.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:70.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:28.35pt; line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"">Proses yang terjadi hamper sama dengan sembur alam, yang berbeda adanya dua gradient tekanan alir di kolom tubing. Yaitu gradient tekanan alir di atas titik injeksi (Gfa) dimana GLR-nya adalah GLR murni ditambah jumlah gas yang diinjeksikan dan gradasi sumur gradient tekanan alir di bawah titik injeksi (Gfb) yang merupakan GLR murni dari sumur tersebut. Dasar operasi Continuous Gas Lift adalah kesetimbangan tekanan alir antara pwf dan tekanan yang dibutuhkan untuk mengalirkan fluida sampai permukaan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:115.65pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:28.35pt; line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"">Pwf = Pwh + Gfa (L) + Gfb (D – L)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:70.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:28.35pt; line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"">Dimana :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:70.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:28.35pt; line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"">Pwf<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>= Tekanan Alir Dasar Sumur <span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>(Psi)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:70.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:28.35pt; line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"">Gfa<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>= Gradien Tekanan Alir di atas Injeksi<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>(<sup>Psi</sup>/<sub>ft</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:70.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:28.35pt; line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"">Gfb<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>= Gradien Tekanan Alir di bawah Injeksi<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>(<sup>Psi</sup>/<sub>ft</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:70.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:28.35pt; line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"">L<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>= Kedalaman Titik Injeksi<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>(ft)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:70.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:28.35pt; line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"">D<span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>= Kedalaman Total Sumur<span style="mso-tab-count:3"> </span>(ft)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:70.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:28.35pt; line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"">Continuous Gas Lift digunakan pada sumur yang mempunyai PI (Productivity Index) dan Pwf besar serta kolom fluida di dalam sumur minimal 10 % dari kedalaman total sumur.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:70.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:28.35pt; line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:70.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:28.35pt; line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:56.7pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:200%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">b. Intermitten Lift<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:70.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:28.35pt; line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"">Digunakan pada sumur yang mempunyai Pwf dan PI rendah atau salah satunya rendah. Dalam system ini produksi dilakukan secara terputus-putus dan didesain untuk memproduksi pada laju sebesar fluida yang masuk ke lubang sumur dari formasi.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:70.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:28.35pt; line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"">Dalam system intermitten fluida dibiarkan terakumulasi dan bertambah di dalam tubing pada dasar sumur selama proses penutupan sumur. Secara periodic, gelombang besar dari gas injeksi bertekanan tinggi diinjeksikan dengan cepat kedalam tubing di bawah kolom fluida dan kolom fluida akan terdorong ke permukaan. Frekuensi penutupan atau shut-in intermitten ditentukan oleh jumlah waktu yang diperlukan oleh slug liquid masuk kedalam tubing. Lama periode injeksi gas tergantung slug cairan ke permukaan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:70.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:28.35pt; line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"">Ada empat kategori pemakaian Gas Lift yang dianjurkan berdasarkan PI dan BHP, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:70.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:28.35pt; line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center;line-height:200%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Tabel 2.1<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center;line-height:200%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Kriteria Penentuan Sistem Injeksi <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center;line-height:200%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">(Pudjo Sukarno, 1990)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left" style="border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor:text1;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-table-lspace:9.0pt; margin-left:6.75pt;mso-table-rspace:9.0pt;margin-right:6.75pt;mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph;mso-table-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-table-left:center;mso-table-top: 13.2pt;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes"> <td width="89" valign="top" style="width:66.7pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor: text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center;line-height:200%;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-left:center;mso-element-top: 13.2pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">PI<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td width="91" valign="top" style="width:67.95pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor:text1;border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor: text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center;line-height:200%;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-left:center;mso-element-top: 13.2pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">BHP<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> <td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.35pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor:text1;border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor: text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center;line-height:200%;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-left:center;mso-element-top: 13.2pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Sistem Injeksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:1"> <td width="89" valign="top" style="width:66.7pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor:text1;border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor: text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center;line-height:200%;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-left:center;mso-element-top: 13.2pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Tinggi<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="91" valign="top" style="width:67.95pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1; border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor: text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center;line-height:200%;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-left:center;mso-element-top: 13.2pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Tinggi<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.35pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1; border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor: text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center;line-height:200%;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-left:center;mso-element-top: 13.2pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Continuous<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:2"> <td width="89" valign="top" style="width:66.7pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor:text1;border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor: text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center;line-height:200%;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-left:center;mso-element-top: 13.2pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Tinggi<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="91" valign="top" style="width:67.95pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1; border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor: text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center;line-height:200%;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-left:center;mso-element-top: 13.2pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Rendah<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.35pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1; border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor: text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center;line-height:200%;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-left:center;mso-element-top: 13.2pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Intermittent<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:3"> <td width="89" valign="top" style="width:66.7pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor:text1;border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor: text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center;line-height:200%;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-left:center;mso-element-top: 13.2pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Rendah<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="91" valign="top" style="width:67.95pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1; border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor: text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center;line-height:200%;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-left:center;mso-element-top: 13.2pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Tinggi<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.35pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1; border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor: text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center;line-height:200%;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-left:center;mso-element-top: 13.2pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Intermittent <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:4;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes"> <td width="89" valign="top" style="width:66.7pt;border:solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor:text1;border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor: text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center;line-height:200%;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-left:center;mso-element-top: 13.2pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Rendah<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="91" valign="top" style="width:67.95pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1; border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor: text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center;line-height:200%;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-left:center;mso-element-top: 13.2pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Rendah<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="142" valign="top" style="width:106.35pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:text1; border-right:solid black 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:text1;mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:text1;mso-border-left-alt:solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor:text1;mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;mso-border-themecolor: text1;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center;line-height:200%;mso-element:frame;mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt;mso-element-wrap:around;mso-element-anchor-vertical:paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal:margin;mso-element-left:center;mso-element-top: 13.2pt;mso-height-rule:exactly"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height: 200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Intermittent <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center;line-height:200%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:center;line-height:200%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: 200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span>Dimana :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: 70.9pt;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>PI tinggi > 0,5 bbl/hari/psi<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: 70.9pt;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>PI rendah <></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:70.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>BHP tinggi, dapat mengangkat kolom cairan minimal 70 %<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:70.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>dari kedalaman sumur<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in; margin-left:70.9pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:200%"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>BHP rendah, berarti kolom cairan yang terangkat kurang <o:p></o:p></span></p> <span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>dari 70 %.</span><p></p><span class="fullpost"></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04279234924358622336noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7103575368289025033.post-88333961505884492452011-02-24T11:56:00.002+07:002011-02-24T11:56:43.008+07:00Prinsip Dasar Gas Lift<span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">Tujuan operasi gas lift secara umum adalah untuk menciptakan “drawdown” sedemikian rupa sehingga reservoir mampu mengalirkan sejumlah fluida seperti yang diinginkan. Faktor utama yang menentukan dalam metode gas lift adalah perbandingan jumlah gas dengan cairan (GLR atau Gas Oil Ratio) formasi pada sumur tersebut sudah lebih kecil dari GLR optimum, di samping adanya penurunan tekanan dalam reservoirnya. Maka dengan menginjeksikan gas bertekanan tinggi ke dalam tubing melalui annulus, menyebabkan densitas cairan di dalam tubing menurun dan gradient tekanan dalam kolom tubing juga menurun, akhirnya timbul perbedaan tekanan antara reservoir dengan tekanan dasar sumur (drawdown) yang lebih besar dari sebelumnya dan mengakibatkan mengalirnya minyak dari reservoir ke permukaan, atau dapat pula digunakan untuk menambah laju produksi total pada sumur minyak yang masih flowing tetapi laju produksinya kecil. Berdasarkan system penginjeksian gasnya, sumur gas lift dapat dibedakan menjadi dua yaitu continous gas lift dan intermitten, hal tersebut tergantung pada productivity index dan tekanan reservoirnya.</span><span class="fullpost"></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04279234924358622336noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7103575368289025033.post-63031228305347641372011-02-24T11:47:00.002+07:002011-02-24T11:49:54.826+07:00Injection well used for enhanced oil recovery<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAUM_4xtIW0RqutUZ6bejpMRgwqH06tCW6dnGSURGhZ-JuLm5PBcs9w0zh76DBq2KRm3Om61W7v3LKRAKUwKye41jcI7GsbkQ6KgV2zL_1cGKwqfis4cJ8jJ9IcXMADNUOLRsUm16j9Q4/s1600/Oil_%2526_gas_injection_well.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 76px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAUM_4xtIW0RqutUZ6bejpMRgwqH06tCW6dnGSURGhZ-JuLm5PBcs9w0zh76DBq2KRm3Om61W7v3LKRAKUwKye41jcI7GsbkQ6KgV2zL_1cGKwqfis4cJ8jJ9IcXMADNUOLRsUm16j9Q4/s320/Oil_%2526_gas_injection_well.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5577113505943838674" /></a><br /><span class="fullpost"></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04279234924358622336noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7103575368289025033.post-23786981476362015332011-02-24T11:44:00.001+07:002011-02-24T11:45:50.129+07:00Biosurfactan Mediated Enhanced Oil Recovery<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; color: rgb(114, 114, 114); line-height: 18px; "><p>Ketergantungan dunia pada minyak bumi dan pertumbuhan permintaan dunia diduga akan terus menyebabkan kenaikan harga sumber energi utama dunia ini. Diperkirakan permintaan minyak dunia akan naik dari tingkat 84 juta barrel per hari saat ini menjadi 99 juta barrel per hari pada tahun 2015 <span id="more-70"></span>dan 116 juta barrel per hari pada tahun 2030. Sementara itu, penemuan minyak baru jauh lebih lambat daripada kebutuhan minyak dunia. Kurangnya pasokan minyak dunia dan semakin mahalnya biaya untuk menemukan, mengambil, dan melakukan penyulingan (refining) minyak akan membuat ketergantungan pada bahan bakar minyak menjadi mahal bagi ekonomi.Pertumbuhan permintaan minyak tidak diimbangi dengan peningkatan pasokan minyak karena produksi minyak konvensional mungkin telah atau segera mencapai puncaknya. Akibatnya, teori pasokan dan permintaan sederhana akan menyetarakan pasokan dan permintaan dengan harga yang lebih tinggi. Selain itu, ketegangan di Timur Tengah, daerah produsen minyak utama, menambah risiko pasokan minyak dan tentunya juga harga minyak.</p><p>Pada era 70 hingga 90an Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara yang mempunyai produksi minyak bumi cukup besar. Puncak produksi minyak bumi terjadi pada tahun 1977 dengan jumlah produksi mencapai sekitar 1,60 juta barel per hari dan tahun 1995 dengan jumlah produksi 1,62 juta barel per hari. Setelah periode tersebut, lambat laun produksi minyak bumi mengalami penurunan secara alami hingga mencapai kisaran penurunan antara 5 hingga 15 % per tahun dari total produksi yang ada. Semenjak harga minyak mengalami krisis pada tahun 1998, kegiatan dan pengeluaran biaya eksplorasi dan produksi saat itu menurun secara drastis sehingga produksi minyak bumi mengalami penurunan secara alami. Pada saat ini target APBN tahun 2004 produksi minyak bumi Indonesia adalah 1 juta 72 ribu barel/hari. Tantangan target ini tidak ringan, sehingga terus dilakukan upaya-upaya penambahan produksi untuk mencapai target tersebut, disamping dilakukannya kegiatan eksplorasi di lapangan-lapangan baru di daerah Kalimantan Timur, Sumatera Selatan, Jambi, Riau, dan daerah lainnya.</p><p>Di Indonesia terdapat 60 cekungan hidrokarbon dimana 22 cekungan belum di eksplorasi serta 38 cekungan telah dieksplorasi ( 15 produksi, 11 belum produksi dan 12 belum terbukti). Cadangan minyak bumi Indonesia cenderung menurun secara alami dan pada saat ini jumlah cadangan yang ada mencapai 8,3 milyar barel (4,3 milyar barel terbukti dan 4 milyar barel potensial) atau dapat diproduksi untuk waktu 20 tahun. Sedangkan jumlah cadangan gas bumi Indonesia yang terbukti dan potensi mengalami kenaikan dengan ditemukannya lapangan-lapangan baru selama 2 tahun terakhir ini dan pada saat ini jumlah cadangan yang ada mencapai 185,6 triliun kaki kubik (95,1 TCF terbukti dan 90,5 TCF potensial) atau dapat diproduksi untuk waktu 64 tahun.</p><p>Cadangan minyak bumi Indonesia cenderung menurun secara alami dan pada saat ini jumlah cadangan yang ada mencapai 8,3 milyar barel yang terdiri atas : 4,3 milyar barel terbukti dan 4 milyar barel potensial. Jumlah cadangan ini dapat diproduksi untuk jangka waktu 20 tahun. Sebagian besar cadangan minyak bumi Indonesia masih tersebar di bagian Indonesia bagian barat, terutama di Pulau Jawa dan Sumatera. Sedangkan potensi wilayah Indonesia bagian timur belum banyak ditemukan cadangan baru, terutama di daerah terpencil dan laut dalam.</p><p>Produksi minyak bumi sebagian besar berasal dari sumur-sumur tua dimana dari tahun ke tahun mengalami penurunan secara alami mencapai 15 % dari total produksi. Namun dengan usaha-usaha optimalisasi lapangan-lapangan yang ada melalui EOR, Steam flood dan pengembangan lapangan-lapangan baru , penurunan produksi tersebut masih dapat ditahan pada 6,7% per tahun. Dengan EOR (tertiary recovery) jumlah minyak yang berhasil diekstrak dari ladang minyak mencapai 30-60% dibandingkan 20-40% dengan menggunakan primary dan secondary recovery.</p><p>Ada beberapa usaha yang dilakukan untuk mempertahankan laju produksi minyak seperti 1) Metode Water injection atau bisa juga disebut Water Flooding yaitu penggunaan injeksi air. Metode ini digunakan untuk mengisi hilangnya tekanan akibat terproduksinya minyak. Air dimasukkan dalam reservoir kemudian air akan menekan minyak keatas sehingga memudahkan dalam pemompaan serta memperpanjang umur dari reservoir itu sendiri. 2) Metode Gas injection yaitu metode yang paling sering digunakan dalam EOR. Dalam metoda ini, gas-gas seperti karbon dioksida, gas alam atau nitrogen diinjeksikan kedalam reservoir sehingga akan menekan minyak kedalam sumur produksi. Selain itu gas-gas yang diinjeksikan akan terdispersi kedalam minyak mampu menurunkan kekentalan minyak sehingga menjadi mudah dalam pemompaannya. Dalam aplikasinya, lebih dari setengah sampai dua pertiga dari gas yang diinjeksikan akan keluar bersama minyak recovery yang umumnya, gas tersebut akan diinjeksikan kembali kedalam reservoir untuk meminimalkan biaya operasi. 3) Metode Reducing residual oil saturation, SOR (alcohol, polymers, surfactants injection), yaitu penggunaan bahan kimia tertentu seperti surfactant, polymer dan lainnya yang diinjeksikan ke dalam reservoir dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan perolehan minyak dengan cara merubah sifat sifat batuan ataupun sifat-sifat fluida (minyak) dalam reservoir. 4) Metode Thermal: steam injection (to heating of the reservoir to lower the viscosity). Teknik ini mirip dengan teknik Waterflood yaitu dengan tujuan untuk mengarahkan, mendorong, atau menyapu minyak agar menuju atau mendekati sumur produksi. Steam diinjeksikan pada bagian atas reservoir dengan tujuan untuk menurunkan viscositas dari bitumen sehingga secara gravitasi minyak akan terdorong menuju sumur produksi</p><p>Berbeda dengan metode-metode yang disebutkan diatas, biosurfactant mediated enhanced oil recovery menawarkan beberapa kelebihan diantara teknik-teknik yang ada. Kelebihan penggunaan metode ini dalam proses EOR antara lain: 1) Merupakan senyawa aktif permukaan alami yang dihasilkan oleh berbagai mikroorganisme. 2) Merupakan “Water-Based Surfactant†yang berbeda dengan oil-based syntetic surfactant lainnya dimana penggunaan biosurfactant akan mempermudah dalam proses de-emulsifikasi minyak dengan surfactant yang diinjeksikan kedalam reservoir. 3) Mampu diproduksi secara masal dengan menggunakan bahan baku yang terbarukan sehingga menjadi lebih kompetitif ditinjau dari segi ekonomi dibandingkan dengan penggunaan surfactant sintetis yang mahal harganya. 4) Lebih ramah terhadap lingkungan karena diproduksi secara alami oleh mikroorganisme. 5) Kompatibilitas terhadap lingkungan yang tinggi karena tingkat toksisitas dari biosurfactant yang sangat rendah dibandingkan dengan surfactant sintetis. Untuk itu, upaya recovery minyak dari sumur-sumur tua dengan metode Biosurfactant-Mediated EOR menjadi salah satu alternatif yang lebih ramah terhadap lingkungan.</p></span><span class="fullpost"></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04279234924358622336noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7103575368289025033.post-54071790518725133202011-02-23T20:53:00.003+07:002011-02-23T21:01:48.929+07:00Cementing<p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.38in; text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">1. Squeeze cementing.</span></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.38in; text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Suatu</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">operasi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">mana</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bubur</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> semen ( cement slurry ) </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tekan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sampai</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tekanan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tertentu</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">pada</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">suatu</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sumur</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">minyak</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">atau</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> gas. Squeeze cementing </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">lakukan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">pada</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">saat</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">pengeboran</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">penyelesaian</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sumur</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">dan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">kerja</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">ulang</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.38in; text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.38in; text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Penggunaan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> .</span></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.38in; text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> a. </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Menyumbat</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">aliran</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> air </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">atau</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> gas </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">dari</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">zona</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">minyak</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.38in; text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> b. </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Menutup</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">kembali</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">zona</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tertentu</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">untuk</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">memproduksi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">zona</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">produktif</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> yang </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">lainya</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.38in; text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> c. </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Memperbaiki</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> casing yang </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">rusak</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.38in; text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> d. </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Sebagai</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">kelanjutan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">dari</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">pekerjaan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">penyemenan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">utama</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.38in; text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p> <div style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.38in; text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">u</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Sifat</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> – </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sifat</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">fisik</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Campuran</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bubur</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> cement</span></span></div> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.38in; text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.38in; text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> a</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Thickening time, </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">adalah</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> lama </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">waktu</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> semen </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">masih</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">dalam</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">keadaan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bisa</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">pompakan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> , </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bubur</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> cement </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">harus</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tetap</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">dalam</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">keadaan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> “ </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Fluida</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">” </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">dalam</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">waktu</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> yang </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">cukupsehingga</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> cement </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bisa</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tempatkan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">pada</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> interval </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">kedalaman</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> yang </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">inginkan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p><p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.38in; text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.38in; text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "></span></p><div style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.38in; text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">u</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Faktor</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">faktor</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> yang </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">harus</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">pertimbangkan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">dalam</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">menentukan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">theckening</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> time:</span></span></div> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.38in; text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">- </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Temperatur</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sumur</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> yang </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tinggi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">akan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">mempercepat</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">reaksi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">hydrasi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> , </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">jadi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">mengurangi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">theckening</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> time </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bubur</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> cement</span></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.38in; text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> - </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Tekanan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">makin</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tinggi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">akan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">mengurangi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">theckening</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> time</span></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.38in; text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> - Makin </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tinggi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> filtration loss </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">akan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">mempercepat</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">theckening</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> time</span></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.38in; text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> - </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Penghentian</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sementara</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">pada</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">waktu</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">pemompaan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> cement </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">akan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">mengurangi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">theckening</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> time.</span></span></p><p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.38in; text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.38in; text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">b. Fluid loss,</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Jika</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bubur</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">cemen</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">atas</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">permukaan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> yang permeable </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tekan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">. </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Maka</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> air </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">akan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">terperas</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">keluar</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> , </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">proses</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">ini</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sebut</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">“</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Dehydrasi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">” </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">karena</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> air </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">keluar</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">dari</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bubur</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> cement.</span></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.38in; text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></p> <span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">c. Strength ( </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">kekuatan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> ) cement</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> , </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">setelah</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">operasi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> squeeze </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">selesai</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> , </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">maka</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">perlukan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">penguatan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> cement yang </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">cukup</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">cepat</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">untuk</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">memperkecil</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> WOC . Cement </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sengan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> compressive strength 500 psi </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">pada</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">umumnya</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sudah</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">cukup</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">untuk</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> cement squeeze</span></span><p></p><p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.38in; text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span></p><p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.38in; text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span></p><div style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left: .67in;text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed; vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; ">u</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold; ">Cement additive</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">:</span></div> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:3.84pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.67in; text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">Bubur</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> cement </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> squeeze </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">sumur-sumur</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">campur</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">beberapa</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> additive </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">mengatur</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> cement agar </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">mempunyai</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">sifat-sifat</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">tertentu</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> .</span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.67in; text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.67in; text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">1. Accelerator, </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">gunakan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">mempercepat</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">penguatan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> cement </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">dan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">mengurangi</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">waktu</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> WOC, </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">hal</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">ini</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">sangat</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">penting</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">terutama</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">mempercepat</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">proses</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">pekerjaanselanjutnyasetelah</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">penyemenan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">,( Cacl2) </span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.67in; text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.67in; text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">2. Retarder, </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">gunakan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">menambah</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">theckening</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> time </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">dari</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">bubur</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> cement, </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">jika</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">perlukanpenambahan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">waktu</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">penempatan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> cement ( </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">calsium</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">lignosulfonate</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">dan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> sodium </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">lignosulfonate</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">).</span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.67in; text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.67in; text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">3. Fluid loss Control additives, </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">mengontrol</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> fluid loss</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">( </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">telah</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">bahas</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> )</span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:3.84pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.67in; text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.67in; text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">Beberapa</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">keuntungan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">penggunaan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> Low Filtration slurry </span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.67in; text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:3.84pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.67in; text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> a. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">Dehydrasi</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> cement </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> casing </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">dapat</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">kurangi</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:3.84pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.67in; text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> b. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">Formasi</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">- </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">formasi</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> yang sensitive </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">terhadap</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> air </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">tawar</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">tidak</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">akan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">rusak</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">karena</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">masuknya</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> air </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">perasan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">dari</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> cement </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">ke</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">formasi</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">sedikit</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">sekali</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">.</span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:3.84pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.67in; text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> c. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">Viskositas</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> yang </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">rendah</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> ( </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">tekanan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">pompa</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> yang </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">rendah</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> ) </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">peroleh</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">karena</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">bubur</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> cement </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">tidak</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">terpisah</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> – </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">pisah</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> ( </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">antara</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">cairan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">dan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">padatanya</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> )</span></p><p style="language:en-US;margin-top:3.84pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.67in; text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><br /></span></p><p style="language:en-US;margin-top:3.84pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.67in; text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-ascii-font-family:Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family:+mn-ea;mso-bidi-font-family:+mn-cs;color:#EAEAEA; mso-color-index:1;text-shadow:auto;language:en-US"></span></p><p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:3.36pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.67in;text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">4. Additive – additive </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">lainya</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:3.84pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.67in;text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Additive </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">ini</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">antara</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> lain </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">untuk</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">mengatur</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Densitas</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, Strength, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Viskositas</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Tahanan</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">terhadap</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">korosive</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, Loss circulation </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">dsb</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:3.36pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.67in;text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:3.36pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.67in;text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Metoda</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> Squeeze yang </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">biasa</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">pakai</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:3.36pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.67in;text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:3.36pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.67in;text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> a. Braden Head Squeeze, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Metode</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">ini</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">gunakan</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">dengan</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">cara</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">menempatkan</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> cement slurry </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">depan</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">perforasidan</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sebut</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> “ balancing plug “ </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">setelah</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> slurry </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">campur</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> , slurry </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">kemudian</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">pompa</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">ke</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">dalam</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> tubing </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">dan</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">ikuti</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">oleh</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sejumlah</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">fluida</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> work over yang </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sudah</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">hitung</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sehingga</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">membentuk</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">suatu</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">keseimbangan</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> ( </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">kesamaan</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tinggi</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> ) </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">kolom</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> slurry </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">dalam</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> tubing </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">dan</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> annulus.</span></span></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:3.36pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.67in;text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> Tubing </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">angkat</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">atas</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> cement slurry </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">dan</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> tubing </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">lakukan</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sirkulasi</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">balik</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">untuk</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">membersihkan</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">kelebihan</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> cement.</span></span></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:3.36pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.67in;text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Tekan</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> squeeze </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">berikan</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">untuk</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">menekan</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> slurry </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">ke</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">dalam</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">perforasi</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">setelah</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> final squeeze pressure </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">dapat</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> , tubing </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">kemudian</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">turunkan</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">untuk</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sirkulasi</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">balik</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">kelebihan</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> cement, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sampai</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> cement plug </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">masih</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tinggal</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">beberapa</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">feetdi</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">atas</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">perforasi</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:3.36pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.67in;text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:3.36pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.67in;text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Keuntungan</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> Braden head squeeze</span></span></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:3.36pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.67in;text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">- </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Tidak</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">perlukan</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">peralatan</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">khusus</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:3.36pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.67in;text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> - </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Resiko</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> casing </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">pecah</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">terhindar</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:3.36pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.67in;text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> - </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Bisa</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">melakukan</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> squeeze job </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">pada</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> casing </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">berdiameter</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">kecil</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:3.36pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.67in;text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:3.36pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.67in;text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Kerugian</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> Braden head squeeze</span></span></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:3.36pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.67in;text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">- </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Perlu</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> test tubing</span></span></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:3.36pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.67in;text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> - </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Tidak</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">dapat</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> men test </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">kebocoran</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> casing</span></span></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:3.36pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.67in;text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> - Casing </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">terkena</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tekanan</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> squeeze</span></span></span></p><p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:3.36pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.67in;text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span></p><p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:3.36pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.67in;text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.38in;text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">b. Packer squeeze, </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">biasa</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">pakai</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">bilamana</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.38in;text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> - </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">Perkiraan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">tekanan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> squeeze </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">akan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">melebihi</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">kekuatan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> casing</span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.38in;text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> - Casing </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">sudah</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">tua</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">dan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">bisa</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">saja</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">ada</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">kebocoran</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">diatas</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">perforasi</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> yang </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">akan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> squeeze</span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.38in;text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> - </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">Terdapat</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">perforasi</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">atau</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> casing </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">bocor</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> yang </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">pernah</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">perbaiki</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">atas</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">perforasi</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> yang </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">akan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> squeeze</span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.38in;text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.38in;text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> Packer yang </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">pakai</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">dari</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">jenis</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> retrievable packer yang </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">turunkan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">bersama</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> tubing </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">dan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> set </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">secara</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">mekanikal</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.38in;text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.38in;text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">Prosedur</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> Squeeze cementing </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> retrievable packer:</span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.38in;text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">1. Packer </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">pasang</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">ujung</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> tubing </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">dan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">bawah</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> packer </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">pasang</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> tail pipe </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">panjang</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">secukupnya</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> yang </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">akan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">memungkinkan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">sirkulasi</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">semua</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">objek</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">depan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">peforasi</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">.</span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.38in;text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> 2. Ujung tail pipe </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">tempatkan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">tepat</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">atas</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">perforasi</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">dan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">setelah</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> packer </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> set , tubing </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">dan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> casing </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> test </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">tekanan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.38in;text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> 3. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">Katup</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> bay pass </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">buka</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">dan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> semen </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">pompa</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">ikuti</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">cairan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">pendorongsampai</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> cement </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">mencapai</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">ujung</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> tubing.</span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.38in;text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> 4. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">Katup</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> by pass </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">tutup</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> , </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">mengisolir</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> annulus </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">dari</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> tubing , </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">kemudian</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> cement </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">pompa</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">kedalam</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">perforasi</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">.</span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.38in;text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> 5. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">Setelah</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> final squeeze pressure </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">tercapai</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">, </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">katup</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> by pass </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">buka</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">dan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">kelebihan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">atau</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">sisa</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> cement </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> tubing </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">sirkulasi</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">balik</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">meng</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> unset packer </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">terlebih</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">dahulu</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p><p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.38in;text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><br /></span></p><p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.38in;text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "></span></p><p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.67in; text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">Ke</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">untungan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> squeeze </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> packer.</span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.67in; text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.67in; text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">a. Casing </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">dan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> tubing </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">bisa</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> test </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">dari</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">kebocoran</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.67in; text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">b. Casing </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">terlindung</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">dari</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">tekanan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> squeeze yang </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">tinggi</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.67in; text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">c. Cement </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">tetap</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">berada</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> tubing </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">di</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">atas</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> packer</span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.67in; text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">d. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">Bisa</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">melakukan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">squeeze </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">tekanan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">tinggi</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.67in; text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.67in; text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">Kerugian</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> – </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">kerugianya</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">.</span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.67in; text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.67in; text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">a. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">Biaya</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">tinggi</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.67in; text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">b. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">Resiko</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> packer </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">terjepit</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> / stuck</span></p> <p style="language:en-US;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-bottom:0pt;margin-left:.67in; text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed;vertical-align: baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap:hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">c. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">Resiko</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">meninggalkan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">ikan</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">sumur</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">seperti</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "> rubber packer</span></p><p></p></span><p></p><p></p><p></p><span class="fullpost"></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04279234924358622336noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7103575368289025033.post-50415273574320922562011-02-23T20:45:00.003+07:002011-02-23T20:51:29.091+07:00Pengasaman<p style="line-height: 80%; margin-top: 3.84pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b>Tujuan</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">utama</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b> </b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b>pemberian</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b> </b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b>asam</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b> </b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b>pada</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b> </b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b>batuan</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b> </b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b>adalah</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b> </b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b>melarutkan</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b> </b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b>sebagian</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b> </b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b>batuan</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b>, </b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b>dengan</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b> </b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b>demikian</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b> </b></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">akan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">memperbesar</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">saluran</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> yang </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tersedia</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">atau</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">untuk</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">membuka</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">saluran</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">baru</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sebagai</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">akibat</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">adanya</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">pelarutan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">/ </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">reaksi</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">antara</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> acid </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">dengan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">batuan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:80%;margin-top:3.84pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.38in;text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span></p> <p style="line-height: 80%; margin-top: 3.84pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Faktor</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">faktor</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> yang </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">mempengaruhi</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">efektivitas</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">pengasaman</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">.</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span></p> <p style="line-height: 80%; margin-top: 3.84pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> 1. Surface area </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">terhadap</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">pori</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">semakin</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">besar</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">besar</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">permukaan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">batuan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> yang </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">kena</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> acid </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">semakin</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">banyak</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> acid </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">perlukan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">dan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">semakin</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">cepat</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> acid </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bereaksi</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">.</span></b></span></p> <p style="line-height: 80%; margin-top: 3.84pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> 2. </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Tekanan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">diatas</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> 750 psi, </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">pengaruh</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">zat</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">lebih</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">rendah</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">pada</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">reaksi</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">antara</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> acid </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">dengan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">batuancalcareous</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">. </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Tapi</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">untuk</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tekanan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bawah</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> 750 psi </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">perubahan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tekanan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">banyak</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">pengaruhnya</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> , </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">reaksi</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">akan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">lebih</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">cepat</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">dengan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">naiknya</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tekanan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">pada</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tekanan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bawah</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> 750 psi</span></b></span></p> <p style="line-height: 80%; margin-top: 3.84pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> 3. </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Temperatur</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Semakin</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">besar</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">temperatur</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">reaksi</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">semakin</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">cepat</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tapi</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">viskositas</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">cairan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">akan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">semakin</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">kecilencer</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">dan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">akan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">berakibat</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">terjadinya</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">rekahan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> acid , </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">juga</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">corrosi</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> yang </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">terjadi</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">akan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bertambah</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">serius</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">.</span></b></span></p> <p style="line-height: 80%; margin-top: 3.84pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> 4. </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Consentrasi</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> acid, </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">semakin</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">kuat</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">consentrasi</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">semakin</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> lama </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">reaksi</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">berlangsung</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sehingga</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">kecepatan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">reaksi</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">juaga</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">akan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">berlangsung</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">lebih</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">cepat</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">.</span></b></span></p> <p style="line-height: 80%; margin-top: 3.84pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> 5. Velocity, </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Kenaikan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">kecepatan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">aliran</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">akan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">menurunkan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">waktu</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">kontak</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> acid </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">dengan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">batuan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> yang </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">berakibat</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tidak</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">seluruh</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> acid </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bereaksidengan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">batuan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> yang </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">lewati</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">akibatnya</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> acid </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">akan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">semakin</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">jauh</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">masuk</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">ke</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">dalam</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">formasi</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">.</span></b></span></p> <p style="line-height: 80%; margin-top: 3.84pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> 6. </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Komposisi</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">batuan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">secara</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">fisik</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">banyak</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">pengaruhnya</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">terhadap</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">reaksi</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> . Dolomite </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">pada</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">umumnya</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">lebih</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">lambat</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bereaksi</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">dengan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> HCL </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> banding </span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">dengan</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> limestone</span></b></span></p><p style="line-height: 80%; margin-top: 3.84pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></b></span></p><p style="language:en-US;line-height:80%;margin-top:3.84pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.38in;text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span></span></p><p style="line-height: 90%; margin-top: 4.8pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>Jenis</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>Asam</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>.</b></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.38in;text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span></p> <p style="line-height: 90%; margin-top: 4.8pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> Hydrochloric acid ( </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>Hcl</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> )</b></span></p> <p style="line-height: 90%; margin-top: 4.8pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span></p> <p style="line-height: 90%; margin-top: 4.8pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>Hcl</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>adalah</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>bahan</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>dasar</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>dari</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>stimulasi</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>secara</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>kimiawi</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> , </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>Hcl</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>adalah</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>larutan</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> hydrogen chloride gas </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>dalam</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> air </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>dan</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>ini</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>di</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>jual</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>dalam</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>berbagai</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>konsentrasi</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>larutan</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>.</b></span></p> <p style="line-height: 90%; margin-top: 4.32pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>konsentrasi</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>adalah</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>prosentase</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>berat</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>Hcl</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> gas </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>dalam</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>larutan</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> air, </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>reaksi</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>dasarnya</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>dengan</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>batuan</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>gamping</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>sbb</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> :</b></span></p> <p style="line-height: 90%; margin-top: 4.32pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>2 HCK + CaCO3 </b></span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; "><b>à</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> Ca ++ + H2O + CO2</b></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:4.8pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.38in;text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span></p> <p style="line-height: 90%; margin-top: 4.8pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> Hydrofluoric Acid ( HF )</b></span></p> <p style="line-height: 90%; margin-top: 4.8pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span></p> <p style="line-height: 90%; margin-top: 4.32pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> Hydrofluoric acid </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>biasanya</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>di</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>campur</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>dengan</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> HCL </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>atau</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> organic acid </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>untuk</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>melarutkan</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> mineral – mineral </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>lempung</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> , </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>peldspar</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>dan</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>pasir</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>. HF paling </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>banyak</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>di</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>gunakan</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>untuk</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>melarutkan</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> mineral </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>lempung</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>atau</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> feldspar </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>dari</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>pada</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>untuk</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>batuan</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>kwarsa</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>atau</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>pasir</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span></p> <p style="line-height: 90%; margin-top: 4.32pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> HF acid </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>akan</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>bereaksi</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>dengan</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> calcareous mineral </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>seperti</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>limstone</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>akan</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>menghasilkan</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>endapan</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> calcium fluoride yang </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>tidak</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>larut</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span></p> <p style="line-height: 90%; margin-top: 4.32pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b>2HF + CaCO3 </b></span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; "><b>à</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b> Ca F2 + H2O + CO2</b></span></p><p style="line-height: 90%; margin-top: 4.32pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; text-indent: -0.38in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><b><br /></b></span></p><p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:4.32pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.38in;text-indent:-.38in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-weight: bold; "></span></p><p style="line-height: 90%; margin-top: 3.84pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.67in; text-indent: -0.67in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">Bahan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">kimia</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">tambahan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> :</span></span></p> <p style="line-height: 90%; margin-top: 3.84pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.67in; text-indent: -0.67in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span></p> <p style="line-height: 90%; margin-top: 3.84pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.67in; text-indent: -0.67in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">Beberapa</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">bahan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">kimia</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">biasanya</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">di</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">tambahkan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">ke</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">dalam</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">campuran</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">preflush</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">, spotting </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">atau</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">afterflush</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> . </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">Bahan-bahan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">tersebut</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">mempunyai</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">fungsi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">masing</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">- </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">masing</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> , </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">seperti</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">mencegah</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">terjadinya</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">emulsi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">penggumpalan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">, </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">mencegah</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">korosi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">dan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">sebagainya</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">.</span></span></p> <p style="language:en-US;line-height:90%;margin-top:3.36pt;margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:.67in;text-indent:-.67in;text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi: embed;vertical-align:baseline;mso-line-break-override:none;punctuation-wrap: hanging"><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span></p> <p style="line-height: 90%; margin-top: 3.36pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.67in; text-indent: -0.67in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> a. </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">Surfactant,</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">di</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">gunakan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">selama</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">pekerjaan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> acidizing </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">di</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">lakukan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">, </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">berfungsi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">untuk</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">menurunkan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">tegangan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">permukaan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">antara</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">cairan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">dengan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">batuan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">sehingga</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> l </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">ebih</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">mudah</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">lewat</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> , </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">selain</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">itu</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">juga</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">berfungsi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">sebagai</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">pencegah</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">emulsi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">dan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">penggumpalan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">.</span></span></p> <p style="line-height: 90%; margin-top: 3.36pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.67in; text-indent: -0.67in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> b. </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">Mutual </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">Solvent</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">,pada</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">umumnya</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">di</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">gunakan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">pada</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">saat</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">afterflush</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> ( </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">overflush</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> ) </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">di</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">belakang</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">campuran</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> HF-HCL.</span></span></p> <p style="line-height: 90%; margin-top: 3.36pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.67in; text-indent: -0.67in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">Fungsinya</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">mrmbersihkan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">formasi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">dari</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">sisa-sisa</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> acidizing.</span></span></p> <p style="line-height: 90%; margin-top: 3.36pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.67in; text-indent: -0.67in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> c. </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">Diverting agent</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">, </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">Pada</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">saat</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">melakukan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> acidizing </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">batuan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">pasir</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> yang </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">mempunyai</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> interval </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">panjang</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> , </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">maka</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">perlu</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">mengarahkan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> acid </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">hingga</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> acid </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">bisa</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">menyentuh</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">seluruh</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">permukaan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">formasi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">.</span></span></p> <p style="line-height: 90%; margin-top: 3.36pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.67in; text-indent: -0.67in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> interval yang </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">umumnya</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">terdiri</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">dari</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">beberapa</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">bagian</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">dimana</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">tiap</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">bagian</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">mempunyai</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">berbagai</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> permeability </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">dari</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> yang </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">rendah</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">hingga</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">tinggi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">, permeability yang </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">rendah</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">adalah</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">bagian</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> yang </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">memerlukan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> acid </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">untuk</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">memperbaikinya</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> , </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">sehingga</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">di</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">perlukan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">suatu</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">cara</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> agar acid </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">bisa</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">mengarah</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">ke</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">bagian</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">tersebut</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">.</span></span></p> <p style="line-height: 90%; margin-top: 3.36pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.67in; text-indent: -0.67in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> d. </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">Corrosion inhibitor,</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">adalah</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">untuk</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">mencegah</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">kontak</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">langsung</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">antara</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> metal </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">dengan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">cairan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> yang </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">korosive</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">seperti</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">larutan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> acid</span></span></p> <p style="line-height: 90%; margin-top: 3.36pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.67in; text-indent: -0.67in; direction: ltr; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">Ketika</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> metal </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">bersentuhan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">larutan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> acid , </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">maka</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">akan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">tersentuh</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">anoda</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">dan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">katoda</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">pada</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">permukaan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> metal, </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">adanya</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">anoda</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">dan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">katoda</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">dan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">cairan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">menghantar</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">arus</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">seperti</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> air, air </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">garam</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">, </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">larutan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">asam</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">maka</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">reaksi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> electro –chemical </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">berlangsung</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> yang </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">berakibat</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">pada</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">bagian</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">katoda</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">berlangsung</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">reaksi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">oksidasi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> , </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">reaksi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">oksidasi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">ini</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">menyebabkan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> ion metal </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">keluar</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">dari</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> metal </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">dan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">larut</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">dalam</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">larutan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">asam</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">sehingga</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">pada</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">tempat</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">tersebut</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> metal </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">terkorosi</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">. Corrosion inhibitor yang </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">di</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">campurkan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">dalam</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">larutan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">asam</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">akan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">membuat</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">lapisan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> film </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">pada</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">permukaan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> metal </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">kontak</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">langsung</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">antara</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> metal </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">dengan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">larutan</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">asam</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="">terhambat</span></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-ascii-font-family:Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family:+mn-ea;mso-bidi-font-family:+mn-cs;color:#EAEAEA; mso-color-index:1;text-shadow:auto;language:en-US"> </span></p><p></p><p></p><span class="fullpost"></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04279234924358622336noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7103575368289025033.post-29867002396370634022011-01-30T18:09:00.003+07:002011-01-30T18:16:17.644+07:00StimulasiStimulasi adalah suatu pekerjaan yang dilakukan terhadap sumur, dengan tujuan mendapatkan jumlah perolehan hidrokarbon, sasarannya " memudahkan minyak dan gas mengalir dari reservoir menuju lubang bor".<div><br /></div><div>pekerjaan stimulasi sangat erat hubungannya dengan permeabilitas batuan dan kekentalan cairan yang mengalir.</div><div><br /></div><div>pertimbangan dalam memilih lapisan untuk stimulasi.</div><div>- tingkat produktivitas lapisan.</div><div>- besar cadangan tiap sumur dalam sumur dalam suatu lapisan.</div><div>- jumlah sumur yang ada dalam suatu lapisan.</div><div><br /></div><div>sasaran yang dituju dalam stimulasi :</div><div>1. Permeabilitas dan porositas batuan.</div><div>2. Viskositas cairan.</div><div><br /></div><div>jenis stimulasi sumur minyak dan gas :</div><div>1. Memperbesar permeabilitas</div><div> - peretakan secara hidrolik (hydraulic fracturing)</div><div> - pengasaman (Acid Stimulasi)</div><div><br /></div><div>2. Menurunkan Viskositas</div><div> - stimulasi dengan uap (steam stimulation)</div><div> - stimulasi dengan panas (heat stimulation)<br /><br /><span class="fullpost"></span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04279234924358622336noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7103575368289025033.post-47427867705659076372011-01-30T17:52:00.002+07:002011-01-30T18:02:45.317+07:00Work Over adalah pekerjaan untuk mempertahankan atau memperbaiki / menambah produksi dengan cara - cara mengubah atau mengolah zona produksi atau menganti zona produksi.<div><br /></div><div>work services adalah pekerjaa sumur yang dilakukan rutine untuk mempertahankan produksi atau memperbaiki tanpa harus mengubah zona produksinya</div><div><br /></div><div>sebab - sebab dilakukannya work over :</div><div>1. Problem Reservoir</div><div> a. Permeabilitas reservoir yang rendah</div><div> penurunan produksi dengan cepat, dengan test produksi dan pressure build up test dapat dibedakan dengan formation damage.</div><div> b. tekanan reservoir yang rendah</div><div> drive reservoir adalah faktor yang penting dalam decline tekanan dan pengontrolan sumur semburan dari suatu sumur.</div><div> c. formation damage</div><div> untuk memperbaiki damage dilakukan re perforasi.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04279234924358622336noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7103575368289025033.post-13511595424509163662010-12-03T21:43:00.001+07:002010-12-03T21:53:41.312+07:00LATIHAN DESAIN SEPARATOR<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:22.0pt;">Contoh Separator Horizontal<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:16.0pt;">Data :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">Disain suatu separator horizontal untuk aliran fluida yang terdiri atas :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">• Minyak = 5000 B/D, </span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic";mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">SG</span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">o = 0.887<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">• Air = 1500 B/D, </span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic";mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">SG</span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">w = 1.04<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">• Gas = 7.5 MMSCF.</span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic";mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">SG</span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">g = 0.76<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">Bila : </span><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"; mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Tsep </span><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">= 85 °F, </span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif"; mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic";mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Psep </span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">= 200 psig = 214.7 psia<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">Jawab :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">1. Misalkan panjang separator </span><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"; mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">L </span><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">= 20 feet<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:13.5pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-13.5pt;line-height:normal; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">2. Ubah laju produksi gas standar (</span><i><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Qg</span></i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">, SCF/hari) ke laju produksi gas pada kondisi separator (</span><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Vg</span></i><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">,cuft/detik).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:13.5pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">Karena </span><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">SGg </span></i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">= 0.76 dekat dengan 0.8, maka gunakan grafik 0.8<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: 13.5pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">Untuk kondisi tekanan dan temperatur separator, sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif"; mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic";mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Psep </span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">= 214.7 <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>psia, </span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic";mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Tsep </span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">= 545 <sup>o</sup>R <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>→<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span><span style="font-family:Wingdings-Regular;mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings-Regular;font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic";mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><a href="file:///D:/DATA%20DAVID/DATA%20LAPTOPKU%20BARU/ALL%20DATA/DATA%20DAVID/kuliah/Kuliah%20Semester%205/YONO/OPROD%20seParatOr/kumpulan%20Grafik%20&%20gambar%20&%20Tabel/GRAFIK%20Z.dot">Zsep <span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi- mso-bidi-font-style:normalfont-family:TimesNewRoman;">= 0.95</span></a></span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif"; mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic";mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Psc </span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">= 14.7 psia, </span><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"; mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Tsc </span><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">= 60 <sup>o</sup>F </span><span style="font-family:Wingdings-Regular;mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings-Regular;font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">→</span><span style="font-family:Wingdings-Regular;mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings-Regular;font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic";mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><a href="file:///D:/DATA%20DAVID/DATA%20LAPTOPKU%20BARU/ALL%20DATA/DATA%20DAVID/kuliah/Kuliah%20Semester%205/YONO/OPROD%20seParatOr/kumpulan%20Grafik%20&%20gambar%20&%20Tabel/GRAFIK%20Z.dot">Zsc <span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi- mso-bidi-font-style:normalfont-family:TimesNewRoman;">= 1</span></a></span><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">maka :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: 36.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">Bila Tsc = 520 <sup>o</sup>R atau 60 <sup>o</sup>F dan Psc = 14.7 psia maka :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"; mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="position:relative;top:16.0pt;mso-text-raise:-16.0pt"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:formulas> <v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"> <o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:449.25pt;" ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><img border="0" width="599" height="49" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Admin/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1025" /></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:oleobject type="Embed" progid="Equation.3" shapeid="_x0000_i1025" drawaspect="Content" objectid="_1352917785"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif"; mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic";mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="position:relative;top:12.0pt;mso-text-raise:-12.0pt"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:450pt;height:33pt'" ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.wmz" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><img border="0" width="600" height="44" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Admin/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1026" /></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:oleobject type="Embed" progid="Equation.3" shapeid="_x0000_i1026" drawaspect="Content" objectid="_1352917786"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif"; mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic";mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">3. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span><i><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:10.5pt;">SG</span></i><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:6.5pt;">o </span></i><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:10.5pt;">= 0.887 (data)</span><sub><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></sub></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">4. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Koreksi </span><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">SGo </span></i><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">pada kondisi standar ke kondisi separator (</span><i><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">SGo</span></i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">sep)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: 36.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">SGo </span></i><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">sep = 0.88 <a href="file:///D:/DATA%20DAVID/DATA%20LAPTOPKU%20BARU/ALL%20DATA/DATA%20DAVID/kuliah/Kuliah%20Semester%205/YONO/OPROD%20seParatOr/kumpulan%20Grafik%20&%20gambar%20&%20Tabel/SGo%20pada%20kondisi%20standar%20ke%20kondisi%20separator%20(SGosep).doc">(Gambar 2)</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">5.Hitung </span><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif"; mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">SG </span></i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">campuran cairan (</span><i><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">SGls</span></i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: 36.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: 36.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic";mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:10.5pt;">W</span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic";mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:6.5pt;">c<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:10.5pt;">= </span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:11.5pt;">1500/(1500 + 5000)<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span><span style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-ascii-font-family:TimesNewRoman; mso-hansi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman; mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Wingdings;font-size:11.5pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Wingdings;">è</span></span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:11.5pt;">0.231<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: 36.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: 36.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic";mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">SG<sub>lS</sub> </span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">= </span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif"; mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic";mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">W</span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">c </span><span style="font-family:SymbolMT; mso-bidi-font-family:SymbolMT;font-size:12.0pt;">× </span><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"; mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">SGw </span><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">+ (1-</span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic";mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">WC</span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">) </span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif"; mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic";mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">SG</span><sub><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">o</span></sub><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">sep<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: 36.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: 36.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic";mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">SGls </span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">= 0.231 x 1.04 + (1 – 0.231) 0.88 = 0.917<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">6. Hitung densitas cairan di separator (</span><i><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">BD1</span></i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">, Ib/cuft)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count:2"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:normal; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"; mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">BD<sub>1</sub> </span><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">= (</span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic";mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">SG<sub>1s</sub></span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">)(62.4)<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: 36.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2"> </span></span><i><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">BD1 </span></i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">= 0.917 </span><span style=" font-family:SymbolMT;mso-bidi-font-family:SymbolMT;font-size:12.0pt;">× </span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">62.4 = 57.22 Ib/cuft<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">7. . Hitung densitas gas pada kondisi separator (</span><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">BDg</span></i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">, Ib/cuft),<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>Bila kondisi standar 14.7 psia dan 60 °F atau 520 °R<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="position:relative;top:16.0pt;mso-text-raise:-16.0pt"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:360.75pt;height:36.75pt'" ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.wmz" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><img border="0" width="481" height="49" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Admin/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1027" /></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:oleobject type="Embed" progid="Equation.3" shapeid="_x0000_i1027" drawaspect="Content" objectid="_1352917787"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="position:relative;top:12.0pt;mso-text-raise:-12.0pt"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:175.5pt;height:30.75pt'" ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.wmz" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><img border="0" width="234" height="41" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Admin/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1028" /></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:oleobject type="Embed" progid="Equation.3" shapeid="_x0000_i1028" drawaspect="Content" objectid="_1352917788"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Ib/cuft<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">8. Hitung kecepatan maksimal gas (</span><i><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">V</span></i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">, ft/detik)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: 36.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">Dari <a href="file:///D:/DATA%20DAVID/DATA%20LAPTOPKU%20BARU/ALL%20DATA/DATA%20DAVID/kuliah/Kuliah%20Semester%205/YONO/OPROD%20seParatOr/kumpulan%20Grafik%20&%20gambar%20&%20Tabel/TABEL%20nilai.doc">Tabel 6</a>, karena </span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif"; mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic";mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">L </span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">> 10 feet maka </span><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"; mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">K </span><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">= 0.0142 </span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic";mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">L </span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">= 0.0142 x </span><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"; mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">20<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span><span style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-ascii-font-family:"TimesNewRoman\,Italic"; mso-hansi-font-family:"TimesNewRoman\,Italic";mso-bidi-font-family:"TimesNewRoman\,Italic"; mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:Wingdings;font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Wingdings;">è</span></span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic";mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">0, 284<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="position: relative;top:17.0pt;mso-text-raise:-17.0pt"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:99.75pt;height:41.25pt'" ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.wmz" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><img border="0" width="133" height="55" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Admin/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1029" /></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:oleobject type="Embed" progid="Equation.3" shapeid="_x0000_i1029" drawaspect="Content" objectid="_1352917789"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="position:relative; top:13.0pt;mso-text-raise:-13.0pt"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:198pt;height:35.25pt'" ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.wmz" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><img border="0" width="264" height="47" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Admin/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1030" /></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:oleobject type="Embed" progid="Equation.3" shapeid="_x0000_i1030" drawaspect="Content" objectid="_1352917790"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:SymbolMT;mso-bidi-font-family:SymbolMT;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">9. Hitung luas aliran gas (</span><i><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Ag</span></i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">, ft<sup>2</sup>)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:SymbolMT;mso-bidi-font-family:SymbolMT;font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="position:relative; top:12.0pt;mso-text-raise:-12.0pt"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:47.25pt;height:30.75pt'" ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.wmz" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><img border="0" width="63" height="41" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Admin/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1031" /></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:oleobject type="Embed" progid="Equation.3" shapeid="_x0000_i1031" drawaspect="Content" objectid="_1352917791"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:SymbolMT;mso-bidi-font-family:SymbolMT;font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="position:relative; top:12.0pt;mso-text-raise:-12.0pt"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1032" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:108.75pt;height:30.75pt'" ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image015.wmz" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><img border="0" width="145" height="41" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Admin/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1032" /></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:oleobject type="Embed" progid="Equation.3" shapeid="_x0000_i1032" drawaspect="Content" objectid="_1352917792"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">10. Hitung diameter-dalam separator berdasarkan kapasitas gas, (</span><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Dg</span></i><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">, ft)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span><span style="position:relative; top:13.0pt;mso-text-raise:-13.0pt"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1033" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:63.75pt;height:35.25pt'" ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image017.wmz" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><img border="0" width="85" height="47" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Admin/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1033" /></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:oleobject type="Embed" progid="Equation.3" shapeid="_x0000_i1033" drawaspect="Content" objectid="_1352917793"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="position:relative;top:13.0pt;mso-text-raise:-13.0pt"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1034" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:129.75pt;height:35.25pt'" ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image019.wmz" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><img border="0" width="173" height="47" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Admin/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1034" /></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:oleobject type="Embed" progid="Equation.3" shapeid="_x0000_i1034" drawaspect="Content" objectid="_1352917794"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>31.68 in<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">11. Diameter luar bila 2,64 ft= <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>31.68 in ID adalah 33 in = 2,75 ft, dari <a href="file:///D:/DATA%20DAVID/DATA%20LAPTOPKU%20BARU/ALL%20DATA/DATA%20DAVID/kuliah/Kuliah%20Semester%205/YONO/OPROD%20seParatOr/kumpulan%20Grafik%20&%20gambar%20&%20Tabel/Gambar%203%20diameter%20luar%20separator.doc">Gambar 3</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">12. Tentukan waktu retensi (retention time) di dalam separator (</span><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">t</span></i><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">, menit):<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:SymbolMT;mso-bidi-font-family:SymbolMT;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: 36.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">Untuk aliran 2 fasa, berlaku :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:108.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">°</span><i><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">API </span></i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">> 35°, </span><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">t </span></i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">= l menit<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:108.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">°</span><i><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">API </span></i><span style="font-family:SymbolMT;mso-bidi-font-family:SymbolMT;font-size:12.0pt;">≤ </span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">35°, </span><i><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">t </span></i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">= - 0.058 ° </span><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">API </span></i><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">+ 3.03 <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">maka<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:normal; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">SGo= 0.887= 28 °</span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif"; mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic";mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">API</span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">, maka </span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif"; mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic";mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">t </span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:normal; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:normal; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><i><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">t </span></i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">= - 0.058 ° </span><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">API </span></i><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">+ 3.03<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:normal; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><i><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">t </span></i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">= </span><span style=" font-family:SymbolMT;mso-bidi-font-family:SymbolMT;font-size:12.0pt;">−</span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">0,058 </span><span style="font-family:SymbolMT; mso-bidi-font-family:SymbolMT;font-size:12.0pt;">× </span><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">28 + 3.03 = 1.406<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:normal; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">13. Hitung </span><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif"; mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Reduced </span></i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">liquid capacity factor (</span><i><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">C</span></i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:SymbolMT; mso-bidi-font-family:SymbolMT;font-size:12.0pt;">• </span><i><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">°API </span></i><span style="font-family:SymbolMT;mso-bidi-font-family:SymbolMT;font-size:12.0pt;">≥ </span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">35°, </span><i><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">C </span></i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">= 1<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:normal; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style=" font-family:SymbolMT;mso-bidi-font-family:SymbolMT;font-size:12.0pt;">• </span><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">°API </span></i><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif"; mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">C </span></i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">= 0.029 </span><i><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">°API </span></i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">– 0.015 <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: 36.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">28 °</span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif"; mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic";mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">API</span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">, maka </span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif"; mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic";mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">C :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: 36.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">C </span></i><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">= 0.029 </span><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">°API </span></i><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">– 0.015 <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic";mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent: 36.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">C </span></i><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">= (0.029 </span><span style="font-family:SymbolMT;mso-bidi-font-family:SymbolMT;font-size:12.0pt;">× </span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">28) - 0,015 = 0.797<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">14. Tentukan diameter separator berdasarkan volume cairan (</span><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">D<sub>1</sub></span></i><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">, ft).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt"><span style=" line-height:115%;font-family:SymbolMT;mso-bidi-font-family:SymbolMT;font-size:12.0pt;">• </span><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">Diameter Separator Horizonal single barrel :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span><span style="font-family:SymbolMT;mso-bidi-font-family:SymbolMT;font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="position:relative;top:13.0pt;mso-text-raise:-13.0pt"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1035" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:86.25pt;height:35.25pt'" ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image021.wmz" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><img border="0" width="115" height="47" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Admin/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1035" /></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:oleobject type="Embed" progid="Equation.3" shapeid="_x0000_i1035" drawaspect="Content" objectid="_1352917795"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span><span style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-ascii-font-family:SymbolMT; mso-hansi-font-family:SymbolMT;mso-bidi-font-family:SymbolMT;mso-char-type: symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Wingdings;font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type:symbol; mso-symbol-font-family:Wingdings;">è</span></span><span style=" font-family:SymbolMT;mso-bidi-font-family:SymbolMT;font-size:12.0pt;"> <span style="position: relative;top:13.0pt;mso-text-raise:-13.0pt"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1036" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:104.25pt;height:35.25pt'" ole=""> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image023.wmz" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><img border="0" width="139" height="47" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Admin/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" shapes="_x0000_i1036" /></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:oleobject type="Embed" progid="Equation.3" shapeid="_x0000_i1036" drawaspect="Content" objectid="_1352917796"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->= </span><span style="Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">6.1 ft = 73.2 in</span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:SymbolMT;mso-bidi-font-family:SymbolMT;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:18.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal; mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">15. Tentukan </span><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif"; mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Rm </span></i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">yaitu hasil bagi </span><i><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">L </span></i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">(butir 2) terhadap </span><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">D1 </span></i><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">(butir 14) atau </span><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif"; mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">L </span></i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">(butir 2) terhadap </span><i><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Dg </span></i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">(butir10) dyang terkecil.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height: normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:18.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif"; mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">D1 </span></i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">> </span><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif"; mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Dg</span></i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">, jadi ambil </span><i><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">D1 </span></i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">yang diambil untuk </span><i><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif";mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Rm </span></i><span style=" font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:18.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman,Italic","serif"; mso-bidi-TimesNewRoman\,Italic";mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:18.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style:italicfont-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">Rm </span><span style="Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;">= <span style="mso-bidi-font-style:italic">L/D<sub>l </sub></span>=20/6.1 =3.27<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span><span style="font-family:Wingdings;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Wingdings;font-size:12.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Wingdings;">è</span></span><span style="Times New Roman","serif"font-family:";font-size:12.0pt;"> <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>3 <></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:18.0pt"><span style=" line-height:115%;font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:18.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">maka ukuran separator Horizontal yang separator terdapat di pasaran adalah : 60 in </span><span style=" font-family:SymbolMT;mso-bidi-font-family:SymbolMT;font-size:12.0pt;">× </span><span style="font-family:"TimesNewRoman","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:12.0pt;">20 feet.<o:p></o:p></span></p>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04279234924358622336noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7103575368289025033.post-84117104248212677202010-11-01T15:37:00.000+07:002010-11-01T15:51:40.348+07:00VALVE<p><strong><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Goudy Old Style","serif"">I. Pengenalan Umum</span></strong><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Goudy Old Style","serif""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Goudy Old Style","serif"">Valve atau biasa juga disebut dengan kerangan, sangat berperan penting dalam suatu pabrik guna menjaga kestabilan proses. Valve bertugas mengatur aliran (fluida) dalam suatu proses. Secara tidak langsung, maka valve dapat diandalkan untuk mengatur besar kecil nya flow, rendah tingginya level, rendah tingginya temperatur ataupun tekanan <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-size:18.0pt; font-family:"Goudy Old Style","serif";mso-ansi-language:PT-BR">Berdasarkan keterangan diatas, valve secara umum dibagi menjadi 4 bagian, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin-left:27.0pt"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Goudy Old Style","serif"">1. <b><i>ON/OFF or Isolation valve</i></b> (Opened/Closed valve )<br />2. Throttling valve<br />3. Check valve<br />4. Pressure Relieve valve/Pressure safety valve<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Goudy Old Style","serif"">1. <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">ON/OFF or Isolation valve</span></i></span></b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Goudy Old Style","serif"">.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Goudy Old Style","serif"">Ketika valve telah dipasang dalam suatu rangkaian pipa. Pada saat valve di buka, fluida mulai mengalir, dan ketika valve ditutup maka fluida pun berhenti mengalir. Valve seperti ini bertugas untuk menutup penuh (fully closed) ataupun membuka penuh (fully opened) suatu aliran. Karena tugasnya hanya untuk membuka atau menutup maka valve sejenis ini dinamakan dengan <b><i>ON/OFF valves</i></b> atau <b><i>Isolation valve</i></b>. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Goudy Old Style","serif"">2. <b><i>Throttling valve</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Goudy Old Style","serif"">Selain untuk membuka dan menutup atau <i>fully opened</i> dan <i>fully closed</i>, ada juga valve yang berfungsi untuk mengatur <i>(regulate)</i> aliran (fluida). Valve sejenis ini sering disebut sebagai <b><i>Throttling valve</i></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Goudy Old Style","serif"">3. <b><i>check valve</i></b> atau <b><i>one way valve</i></b>. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Goudy Old Style","serif"">Valve yang tugas nya mengatur agar aliran berjalan ke satu arah saja ataupun agar tidak terjadi <i>reversed flow</i> atau <i>backflow</i>. valve seperti ini disebut <b><i>check valve</i></b> atau <b><i>one way valve</i></b>. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Goudy Old Style","serif"">4. <b><i>Pressure relieve valve</i></b> and <b><i>pressure safety valve</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></p> <span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Goudy Old Style","serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">Beberapa valve ada juga yang dirancang untuk melepaskan (<i>release</i>) kelebihan pressure untuk menjaga keamanan alat ataupun operator. Valve yang berfungsi untuk melepaskan kelebihan pressure ini sering disebut sebagai <b><i>pressure relieve valve</i></b> ataupun <b><i>pressure safety valve </i></b>(kedua jenis valve ini mempunyai fungsi yang sama tetapi prinsip kerjanya berbeda).</span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04279234924358622336noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7103575368289025033.post-15467429471241517322010-10-01T18:46:00.001+07:002010-10-01T19:08:23.345+07:00MANIFOLDS<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style', serif; line-height: 40px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Manifold adalah sekumpulan valve yang dideretkan untuk mengatur aliran masuk fluida ke header dan separator yang dikehendaki.</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Goudy Old Style', serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Factor yang mempengaruhi desain manifold :<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Goudy Old Style', serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">1. Tekanan Kerja<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Goudy Old Style', serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">2. Tipe valve<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Goudy Old Style', serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">3. Banyak header<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Goudy Old Style', serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">4. Sumur yang dihubungkan ke tiap-tiap manifold<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Goudy Old Style', serif; "><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Goudy Old Style', serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Menurut fungsinya Jenis manifold adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Goudy Old Style', serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">1. Arrival manifold.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Goudy Old Style', serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> Berfungsi sebagai pengumpul fluida produksi dari berbagai sumur yang selanjutnya dikirim ke unit pemisahan untuk suatu treatment dan pengukuran.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Goudy Old Style', serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Arrival manifold di desain untuk mengumpulkan minyak dari berbagai areal yang selanjutnya akan di dialirkan ke : <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Goudy Old Style', serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> a. production separator<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Goudy Old Style', serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> b. test separator<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Goudy Old Style', serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> c. tank<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Goudy Old Style', serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> d. burning pit<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Goudy Old Style', serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">2. Test Manifold <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Goudy Old Style', serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> Manifold ini digunakan untuk melakukan test produksi suatu sumur tanpa menggangu produksi sumur lainnya dimana arah aliran fluida dari sumur di arahkan ke test separator.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Goudy Old Style', serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">3. Production Manifold<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Goudy Old Style', serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> Merupakan manifold sebagai bagian operasi normal dari proses produksi dimana arah aliran fluida dari sumur diarahkan ke production separator.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Goudy Old Style', serif; "><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Goudy Old Style', serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Beberapa System manifold :<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Goudy Old Style', serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">1. Individual Well Flow line<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Goudy Old Style', serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> Biasanya system ini dijumpai pada lapangan minyak dan gas yang kecil dimana pada system ini flowline dari tiap sumur langsung dihubungkan dengan station pengumpul melalui test manifold tatu production header. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Goudy Old Style', serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">2. Satelite Production Manifold<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Goudy Old Style', serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> Biasanya system ini dijumpai pada lapangan minyak dan gas yang luas dimana pada system ini flow line yang cukup pendek dari tiap sumur dihubungkan dengan pusat pengumpul minyak dan gas dengan menggunakan pipa yang lebih besar yang biasa disebut </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Production Lateral</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> dan juga dihubungkan dengan test line, hal ini ditujukan untuk menghindari individual flow lines yang sangat panjang sehingga menyebabkan pressure drop yang besar.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: 'Goudy Old Style', serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Pada aplikasi dilapangan sebenarnya sistem-sistem dapat dimodifikasi sesuai dengan kondisi lapangan dan tentu saja dengan pertimbangan serta perhitungan tertentu. </span></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04279234924358622336noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7103575368289025033.post-28074976647029136842010-10-01T18:44:00.000+07:002010-10-01T18:46:02.277+07:00Type Aliran Fluida Pada Flow lineFlow Regime fluida adalah merupakan pola tertentu ketika suatu fluida mengalir yang diakibatkan sifat fisik fluida, interaksi antara cairan dan gas, flow rate, ukuran, kekasaran dan orientasi pipa.<br />Tipe flow regime :<br />1. Bubble Flow :<br /> Suatu pola aliran fluida dimana kecepatan gas dan cairan diperkirakan sama besarnya sehingga cairan hampir meliputi seluruh bagian dari pipa sementara gas mengalir dalam bentuk gelembung-gelembung pada bagian atas pipa.<br /><br />2. Plug Flow.<br /> Suatu pola aliran fluida dimana cairan mengalir disepanjang pipa bagian bawah sedangkan kondisi gas yang semakin banyak dalam bentuk gelembung-gelembung tersebut bersatu membentuk gelembung yang lebih besar dan mengalir di bagian atas pipa.<br /><br />3. Stratified Flow<br /> Plug flow regime akan berubah menjadi kondisi yang kontinyu bila semakin banyak jumlah gas yang mengalir secara kontinyu dimana aliran gas terjadi disepanjang pipa bagian atas dan cairan disepanjang pipa bagian bawah sehingga kontak pertemuan anatar phasa sangat mulus dan jelas.<br /><br />4. Wavy Flow<br /> Ketika Fluida Gas mengalir semakin banyak maka gas akan mengalir lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan cairan sehingga akan mengakibatkan effek gelombang (Wavy Flow) karena gesekan pada kontak area antara gas dan cairan.<br /><br />5. Slug Flow<br /> Ketika Fluida Gas mengalir semakin lebih banyak sehingga melebihi batas kritisnya akan mengakibatkan puncak dari gelombang cairan akan menyentuh bagian atas pipa dimana kecepatan alir dari gas dalam bentuk slug ini lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan kecepatan dari cairan itu sendiri.<br /><br />6. Annular Flow<br /> Suatu pola aliran fluida dimana cairan mengalir seperti annular film dengan berbagai ketebalan disepanjang pipa sedangkan gas mengalir dengan kecepatan tinggi ditengah-tengah pipa dimana sebagian dari cairan akan ikut terbawa aliran gas dalam bentuk droplet kecil yang suatu saat akan jatuh kembali jika telah berubah menjadi butiran besar.<br /><br /><br />7. Spary Flow (Mist Flow, Dispersed Flow)<br /> Akibat Kecepatan aliran fluida dalam pipa sangat tinggi sekali sehingga film cairan terseret dari dinding pipa dan ikut terbawa bersama dengan aliran gas dalam bentuk titik-titik air.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04279234924358622336noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7103575368289025033.post-54564877376801630082010-10-01T18:42:00.000+07:002010-10-01T18:44:47.972+07:00FLOW LINE , MANIFOLD dan HEADERFluida Hidrokarbon yang mengalir dari dasar sumur akan menuju well head dan dari kepala sumur ini fluida dialirkan melalui flow line manifold dan header selanjutnya menuju ke separator terus ke tanki pengumpul.<br />Flow line merupakan pipa penyalur fluida Hidrokarbon dari suatu kepala sumur menuju tempat pemisahan. Flowline biasanya memiliki diameter antara 2 – 4 inch tergantung dari design dan kapasitas produksi sumur. Agar aliran tidak kembali dalam sumur (back flow) maka pada tiap flowline di pasang check valve. <br />Jalur dimana flow line berada sebaiknya ditimbun pada kedalaman yang aman walaupun telah dilindungi dengan casing pendukung tetapi apabila tidak ditimbun maka flow line tersebut harus diletakan di atas support karena untuk mencegah cepat terkena korosi dan kerusakan lainnya. Demikian juga jalur pemasangan pipa dipilih tempat-tempat yang aman baik secara culture budaya maupun secara kondisi teknik sehingga mudah untuk melakukan pengawasan dan perbaikan dan kadang-kadang jika memungkinkan jalur flow line sampai ke stasiun pengumpul mengikuti rute jalan umum atau jalan inspeksi perusahaan.<br /><br />Terdapat beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi desain dan dimensi pemasangan pipa. Dua diantaranya adalah laju alir fluida dan sifat-sifat fisik dari fluida tersebut. <br /><br />Berikut ini adalah beberapa standar yang digunakan Amerika yang umumnya digunakan dalam mendesain fasilitas produksi minyak :<br />a. ANSI B.31.1 – POWER PIPING<br />b. ANSI B.31.3 – Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping<br />c. ANSI B.31.4 – Liquid Petroleum Transportation Piping System<br />d. ANSI B.318 – Gas Transmition and Distribution Piping SystemAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04279234924358622336noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7103575368289025033.post-36796593627631055662010-08-03T01:37:00.000+07:002010-08-03T01:38:40.272+07:00Lanjutan Underbalance DrillingPROBLEM PEMBORAN DAN KERUSAKAN FORMASI<br /><br />Beberapa problem yang sering terjadi diasosiakan dengan aplikasi overbalance drilling dan dapat diminimalkan dengan aplikasi underbalanced drilling adalah :<br />• Penurunan penetration rate saat hard rock drilling<br />• Differential pipe sticking<br />• Loss circulation<br />• Kerusakan formasi<br /><br />PENURUNAN PENENTRATION RATE<br /><br />• Laju penembusan bit (penetration rate) yang lambat akan menambah waktu pemboran dan pada akhirnya akan meningkatkan biaya pemboran.<br />• Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi penetration rate adalah jenis atau tipe fluida yang digunakan.<br />• Beberapa sifat-sifat fluida pemboran yang mempengaruhi laju pemboran atau penetration rate adalah :<br />1. Berat fluida pemboran<br />2. Viskositas fluida pemboran<br />3. Filtrate loss<br />4. Kadar minyak<br />5. Kadar padatanAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04279234924358622336noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7103575368289025033.post-77611858032195294552010-08-03T01:33:00.000+07:002010-08-03T01:37:36.101+07:00UNDERBALANCED DRILLINGDEFINISI :<br /> Merupakan metode pemboran dimana tekanan hidrostatik kolom fluida di dalam lubang bor sengaja dibuat dan dijaga lebih rendah daripada tekanan formasi batuan yang dibor.<br /><br />Pencapaian Kondisi Underbalanced <br />1. Secara Alami Cara ini diterapkan pada zona-zona yang memiliki permeabilitas dan tekanan formasi yang cukup tinggi.<br />2. Secara Buatan Cara ini diterapkan pada zona-zona bertekanan rendah.<br /> Menggunakan fluida pemboran berdensitas (udara, gas, mist atau foam) sehingga menghasilkan tekanan hidrostatik rendah. <br /> Menginjeksikan gas ke dalam fluida untuk menurunkan densitas fluida pemboran atau tekanan hidrostatik fluida.<br /> Injeksi gas ke dalam liquid (gasfield liquid) dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai cara :<br /> Drillstring Injection<br /> Annulus Injection<br />• Parasitic String Injection<br />• Parasitic Casing Injection<br />• Completion InjectionAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04279234924358622336noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7103575368289025033.post-80840000809455601682010-08-03T01:22:00.000+07:002010-08-03T01:33:35.146+07:00Gambar denah lokasi pemboran<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRZw4JJGIjtyt2t-zhPrmv0gQ6djXRDQqTwBotAqsFrpEQ4vHEyaQQdOiRQUZjeR0wcSz1O2wS4DdQQD3unsEzfDo0g6jZ0M-0014nEtRucNl9DQ_cy3KD8NMUycPTVXzbH47x4RL-qXU/s1600/Picture1.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 262px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRZw4JJGIjtyt2t-zhPrmv0gQ6djXRDQqTwBotAqsFrpEQ4vHEyaQQdOiRQUZjeR0wcSz1O2wS4DdQQD3unsEzfDo0g6jZ0M-0014nEtRucNl9DQ_cy3KD8NMUycPTVXzbH47x4RL-qXU/s320/Picture1.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5500880075009946418" /></a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04279234924358622336noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7103575368289025033.post-41465915833816754582010-08-03T01:19:00.001+07:002010-08-03T01:19:57.762+07:00Source RockSource rocks adalah endapan sedimen yang mengandung bahan-bahan organik yang dapat menghasilan minyak dan gas bumi ketika endapan tersebut tertimbun dan terpanaskan. Bahan-bahan organik yang terdapat didalam endapan sedimen selanjutnya dikenal dengan kerogen (dalam bahasa Yunani berarti penghasil lilin).Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04279234924358622336noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7103575368289025033.post-16375002827945734822010-08-03T01:14:00.000+07:002010-08-03T01:18:42.351+07:00MigrasiMigrasi adalah proses trasportasi minyak dan gas dari batuan sumber menuju reservoir. Proses migrasi berawal dari migrasi primer (primary migration), yakni transportasi dari source rock ke reservoir secara langsung. Lalu diikuti oleh migrasi sekunder (secondary migration), yakni migrasi dalam batuan reservoir nya itu sendiri (dari reservoir bagian dalam ke reservoir bagian dangkal).Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04279234924358622336noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7103575368289025033.post-51910255097151641922010-06-20T15:18:00.000+07:002010-06-20T15:19:53.801+07:00PENENTUAN LOKASI KOPPENENTUAN LOKASI KOP<br />1. KONDISI LOKASI KOP <br /> KOP TIDAK TERLETAK PADA ZONA LUNAK, ZONA REKAH, ZONA PERUBAHAN LITHOLOGI DAN KEKERASAN, ZONA PEMBESARAN LUBANG AGAR TIDAK MENYULITKAN DALAM PEMBENTUKAN SUDUT ARAH DAN KEMIRINGAN<br /> KOP TERLETAK PADA JARAK YANG CUKUP DIBAWAH CASING SHOE UNTUK MENGHINDARI TERJADINYA GESEKAN<br /> PADA SISTEM CLUSTER, KOP SUATU SUMUR TIDAK TERLALU DEKAT DENGAN SUMUR LAIN AGAR TIDAK TERJADI GANGGUAN LOGAM TERHADAP HASIL SURVEY SUMUR BARU<br /><br />2. KEMAMPUAN PERALATAN<br /><br />3. KEDALAMAN TARGETAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04279234924358622336noreply@blogger.com0